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Down and Out in Paris and London
''Down and Out in Paris and London'' is the first full-length work by the English author George Orwell, published in 1933. It is a memoir〔Back cover description, Down and Out in Paris and London, Penguin Classics, 2001 ISBN 978-0-14-118438-8〕 in two parts on the theme of poverty in the two cities. The first part is an account of living on the breadline in Paris and the experience of casual labour in restaurant kitchens. The second part is a travelogue of life on the road in and around London from the tramp's perspective, with descriptions of the types of hostel accommodation available and some of the characters to be found living on the margins.
==Background==
After giving up his post as a policeman in Burma to become a writer, Orwell moved to rooms in Portobello Road, London at the end of 1927.〔Ruth Pitter ''BBC Overseas Service broadcast'' 3 January 1956〕 While contributing to various journals, he undertook investigative tramping expeditions in and around London, collecting material for use in "The Spike", his first published essay, and for the latter half of ''Down and Out in Paris and London''. In spring of 1928 he moved to Paris and lived at 6 Rue du Pot de Fer in the Latin Quarter,〔Introduction, p.vii, Penguin Classics 2001 edition〕 a bohemian quarter with a cosmopolitan flavour. American writers like Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald had lived in the same area. Following the Russian Revolution there was a large Russian emigre community in Paris. Orwell's Aunt Nellie Limouzin also lived in Paris and gave him social and, when necessary, financial support. He led an active social life,〔Ruth Graves Letter 23 July 1949 in Complete Works XX 150〕 worked on his novels and had several articles published in avant-garde journals.
Orwell fell seriously ill in March 1929 and shortly afterwards had money stolen from the lodging house. The thief was probably not the young Italian described in ''Down and Out''. In a later account, he said the theft was the work of a young trollop that he had picked up and brought back with him;〔Mabel Fierz in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick ''Orwell Remembered'' 1984〕 it has been submitted that "consideration for his parents' sensibilities would have required the suppression of this misadventure. Whoever reduced Orwell to destitution did him a good turn; his final ten weeks in Paris sowed the seed of his first published book."〔Dervla Murphy, Introduction, Penguin edition,1989〕 Whether through necessity or just to collect material, and probably both, he undertook casual work as a dishwasher in restaurants. In August 1929 he sent a copy of "The Spike" to the ''Adelphi'' magazine in London, and it was accepted for publication. Orwell left Paris in December 1929 and returned to England, going straight home to his parents' house in Southwold. Later he acted as a private tutor to a handicapped child there and also undertook further tramping expeditions, culminating in a stint working in the Kent hop fields in August and September 1931. After this adventure, he ended up in the Tooley Street kip, which he found so unpleasant that he wrote home for money and moved to more comfortable lodgings.〔D. J. Taylor ''Orwell: The Life'' Chatto & Windus 2003〕
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